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3. Cavalry (from French cavalerie, cf. Cavalry were historically the most mobile.

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Cavalry - Wikipedia. Cavalry (from French cavalerie, cf. Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms. An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman, horseman, dragoon or trooper. The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used other animals, such as camels, mules or elephants.

Infantry who moved on horseback, but dismounted to fight on foot, were known in the 1. Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility, and a man fighting from horseback also had the advantages of greater height, speed, and inertial mass over an opponent on foot.

Algeria, 1954. While the rebellion rumbles in the valley, two very different men thrown together by a world in turmoil are forced to flee together across the Atlas.

Another element of horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent. The speed, mobility and shock value of the cavalry was greatly appreciated and exploited in armed forces in the Ancient and Middle Ages; some forces were mostly cavalry, particularly in nomadic societies of Asia, notably the Mongol armies. In Europe cavalry became increasingly armoured (heavy), and eventually became known for the mounted knights.

During the 1. 7th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor, ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use, and by the mid- 1. In the period between the World Wars, many cavalry units were converted into motorized infantry and mechanized infantry units, or reformed as tank troops. However, some cavalry still served during World War II, notably in the Red Army, the Mongolian People's Army, the Royal Italian Army, the Romanian Army, the Polish Land Forces, and light reconnaissance units within the Waffen SS. Most cavalry units that are horse- mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles, or as mounted infantry in difficult terrain such as mountains or heavily forested areas. Modern usage of the term generally refers to specialist units equipped with tanks (. These include scouting, skirmishing with enemy reconnaissance elements to deny them knowledge of own disposition of troops, forward security, offensive reconnaissance by combat, defensive screening of friendly forces during retrograde movement, retreat, restoration of command and control, deception, battle handover and passage of lines, relief in place, linkup, breakout operations, and raiding.

The shock role, traditionally filled by heavy cavalry, is generally filled by units with the . The chariot originated with the Sintashta- Petrovka culture in Central Asia and spread by nomadic or semi- nomadic Indo- Iranians. Cavalry techniques were an innovation of equestrian nomads of the Central Asian and Iranian steppe and pastoralisttribes such as the Persian. Parthians and Sarmatians. The photograph above left shows Assyrian cavalry from reliefs of 8. BC. At this time, the men had no spurs, saddles, saddle cloths, or stirrups. Fighting from the back of a horse was much more difficult than mere riding.

The cavalry acted in pairs; the reins of the mounted archer were controlled by his neighbour's hand. Even at this early time, cavalry used swords, shields, and bows. The sculpture implies two types of cavalry, but this might be a simplification by the artist. Later images of Assyrian cavalry show saddle cloths as primitive saddles, allowing each archer to control his own horse. As early as 4. 90 BC a breed of large horses was bred in the Nisaean plain in Media to carry men with increasing amounts of armour (Herodotus 7,4. By the 4th century BC the Chinese during the Warring States period (4. BC) began to use cavalry against rival states.

However, chariots remained in use for ceremonial purposes such as carrying the victorious general in a Roman triumph, or for racing. The southern Britons met Julius Caesar with chariots in 5. BC, but by the time of the Roman conquest of Britain a century later chariots were obsolete, even in Britannia. The last mention of chariot use in battle was by the Caledonians at the Mons Graupius, in 8.

AD. Ancient Greece: city- states, Thebes, Thessaly and Macedonia. Three types of cavalry became common: light cavalry, whose riders, armed with javelins, could harass and skirmish; heavy cavalry, whose troopers, using lances, had the ability to close with their opponents; and finally those whose equipment allowed them to fight either on horseback or foot. The role of horsemen did however remain secondary to that of the hoplites or heavy infantry who comprised the main strength of the citizen levies of the various city states. Cavalry played a relatively minor role in ancient Greekcity- states, with conflicts decided by massed armored infantry. However, Thebes produced Pelopidas, her first great cavalry commander, whose tactics and skills were absorbed by Phillip II of Macedon when Phillip was a guest- hostage in Thebes. Thessaly was widely known for producing competent cavalrymen, and later experiences in wars both with and against the Persians taught the Greeks the value of cavalry in skirmishing and pursuit.

The Athenian author and soldier Xenophon in particular advocated the creation of a small but well- trained cavalry force; to that end, he wrote several manuals on horsemanship and cavalry operations. The Macedonian Kingdom in the north, on the other hand, developed a strong cavalry force that culminated in the hetairoi (Companion cavalry) of Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great. In addition to these heavy cavalry, the Macedonian army also employed lighter horsemen called prodromoi for scouting and screening, as well as the Macedonian pike phalanx and various kinds of light infantry. There were also the Ippiko (or . These wore leather armour or mail plus a helmet. They were medium rather than heavy cavalry, meaning that they were better suited to be scouts, skirmishers, and pursuers rather than front line fighters.

This combination of cavalry and infantry helped to break enemy lines and were used effectively to dominate the opponents of the kingdom. The effectiveness of this combined- arms system was most dramatically demonstrated in Alexander's conquest of Persia, Bactria, and northwestern India. Roman Republic and Early Empire. Second half of the 1st century ADThe cavalry in the early Roman Republic remained the preserve of the wealthy landed class known as the equites—men who could afford the expense of maintaining a horse in addition to arms and armor heavier than those of the common legions. As the class grew to be more of a social elite instead of a functional property- based military grouping, the Romans began to employ Italian socii for filling the ranks of their cavalry. The weakness of Roman cavalry was demonstrated by Hannibal Barca during the second Punic war where he used his superior mounted forces to win several battles.

The most notable of these was the Battle of Cannae, when he inflicted a catastrophic defeat on the Romans. At about the same time the Romans began to recruit foreign auxiliary cavalry from among Gauls, Iberians, and Numidians, the last being highly valued as mounted skirmishers and scouts (see Numidian cavalry). Julius Caesar had a high opinion of his escort of Germanic mixed cavalry, giving rise to the Cohortes Equitatae. Early emperors maintained an ala of Batavian cavalry as their personal bodyguards until the unit was dismissed by Galba after the Batavian Rebellion. For the most part, Roman cavalry during the Republic functioned as an adjunct to the legionary infantry and formed only one- fifth of the showing force. This does not mean that its utility should be underestimated, as its strategic role in scouting, skirmishing, and outpost duties was crucial to the Romans' capability to conduct operations over long distances in hostile or unfamiliar territory.

On some occasions Roman cavalry also proved its ability to strike a decisive tactical blow against a weakened or unprepared enemy, such as the final charge at the Battle of Aquilonia. After defeats such as the Battle of Carrhae, the Romans learned the importance of large cavalry formations from the Parthians.

PRIMO Magazine, For and About Italian Americans. Second Edition 2.

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Correction - 2nd Edition 2. On page 2. 0, we misspelled the subject's name. It should have been Gaito, not Gallo. We very much regret the error. The title of the article is . To read the latest articles in the newest print edition of PRIMO, please subscribe today.

Please remember to update your browser in order to view all material on our web site. Based in Florence, Italy, Pascuzzi has created works of art for churces, public and private clients. To learn more about his background and work, read this current edition of PRIMO or log on to his web site at www.

SICILY  IS THE HOST OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FILM FESTIVALThe Festival Begins on August 2. PRIMO Interviews Danny Caprio, Festival CEOEditor's Note: You can learn more about the festival by clicking this link: http: //ingdomenicocutrona. A RARE RETROSPECTIVE EXHIBIT - OUTSIDE ITALY - ON RAPHAEL2. September 2. 01. 7 – 7 January 2. Albertina Vienna, Austria       This autumn, the Albertina Museum in Vienna is paying homage to Raphael with a major presentation of 1.

Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England. Starting from the Albertina’s own significant holdings and rounded out by the most beautiful and important drawings from prominent museums such as the Uffizi, the Royal Collection of the British Royal Family, the British Museum, the Louvre, the Vatican Museums, and the Ashmolean Museum, this monographic presentation places Raphael’s thinking and mode of conception front and centre: the featured works range from initial spontaneous artist’s impressions to virtuosic detailed studies and compositional studies and on to completed paintings. It remains controversial for its depiction of Italy's wealthiest citizens in the province of Monza and Brianza, about 2. Milan, where located is Italy's stock exchange and many of Europe's top banks.

Paolo Virzi set the film in Brianza because he thought it most like Connecticut, the setting of the novel by Stephen Amidon, from 2. The first are the Ossolas; a middle class family with Dino, a real estate broker, played by the versatile actor Fabrizio Bentivoglio. Dino is divorced but has remarried Roberta Morelli, a child psychologist, who is played by Valeria Golino, who you may know from popular films . She is played by actress Matilde Gioli.

The second family are the Bernaschis with Giovanni, played by Fabrizio Gifuni, as the patriarch. He is a manager of a successful hedge fund in Milan. His wife Carla is played by Valeria Bruni Tedeschi, older sister of actress Carla Bruni who as you might know is married to Nikolas Sarkozy former president of France. In the film both Giovanni and Carla live with their teenage son Massimilano, who is played by Guglielmo Pinelli. Friends at private school, Serena and Massimilano form the connection between the two families.

The film opens with Serena’s father Dino driving her to the Bernaschi’s home for a visit. While there, he is recruited by Giovanni to play in a doubles tennis match. After the game, Dino asks Giovanni if he can invest in the hedge fund. The answer is yes but the entrance fee is $5. Dino has in savings. In order to get the money, Dino presents a false business plan to a friend, a loan officer at a bank.

He expects to repay the loan quickly knowing the high rate of return of the hedge fund. What happens instead is Italy’s recession that puts a strain on the fund and Dino and Giovanni find themselves in a struggle to survive financial disaster. The film comes to us in different parts; through the eyes of three characters, Dino, Carla and Serena. It is a style the director utilizes with compelling effect.

We see the same events but by different perspectives. It is through Serena’s perspective where the ark of the film occurs. A tragic accident at night on a road near the Bernaschi’s home implicates Massimiliano. Serena and her friend, Luca, played by Giovanni Anselmo are involved. The respective families face the crisis differently. The question arises as to how far will a family will go to survive scandal. Divx Xvid Movies Paulina (2017). The suspenseful ending is one you might not expect.

The actors and actresses in . The most sympathetic was Carla Bernaschi, who we see, at first, living an empty life of daily shopping sprees. Her portrayal by Bruni is both subtle and effective. We see her chauffeured in Brianza to an old theater about to be torn down.

She stops and tours the structure and then volunteers to save it. From money in Giovanni's hedge fund, she purchases the building and sets up a non- profit organization to begin restoration. Her new board of directors are writers, professors and local politicians who come across as snobs with little care to save the old theater. The restoration effort only comes undone after Giovanni's hedge fund starts losing money and they are forced to liquidate assets.

Here we see how all members of society are inherently connected to a select few of great wealth. It is Giovanni who is the film's central figure; always present in a big way; the person who controls the money and so controls the destinies of the other characters. The suggestion in the film is that Giovanni is morally corrupt. And yet, we don’t see it. Yes, he’s rich but that alone does not make him nefarious or unscrupulous. We only know snippets of what he does.

The film would have been better if it had given us more details about his operations, where and how he invested his money. Hedge funds acquired the worst of reputations after the 2. And yet we know very little about them. This film doesn’t help. With Giovanni, we don’t see the unseemly way he acquired and retains his fortune. Most critics noted its technique and style but found the story lacking.

The reason for that might be how the rich are portrayed in the film. The trend today in America is class warfare. And any film that shows rich people in a balanced view is destined for criticism and even condemnation. Indeed, if anyone comes across as grossly morally corrupt in this film, it would be those of the lower classes.

We see the character of Luca, fort instance, living in a rundown apartment with his uncle who is selling drugs. Another main character, Dino, is obsessed with money. He sees nothing wrong in defrauding his friend at the bank. Considering how well the rich of Brianza are portrayed in the film, one wonders why the leaders of the province had a problem with it in the first place. The film however is not a negative dissertation of greed and materialism. Rather, the integrity of the director ensures a fair and just conclusion - one that still resonates and compels us to watch. You can read more about the director of .

A copy of this edition can be purchased here. PRIMO REVIEW: “WINTERHAWK’S LAND”The New Novella by Actor Michael Dante; Featured in an Article in PRIMO’s First Edition 2. A Sequel to the 1. Film “Winterhawk,” Starring Dante in The Title Role.

Award winning actor Michael Dante was the subject of a six- page feature article in PRIMO’s First Edition 2. If you don’t know the name, you surely know the face and the roles Dante played on television and in film. Written by Brian D’Ambrosio, the article points out that Dante’s family settled in Connecticut after they came from the Frosinone province in the Lazio region of Italy. As a young adult, Dante played professional baseball. As a result of a shoulder injury he attended the University of Miami as a drama major. Tommy Dorsey met and saw Dante in a play and arranged a screen test at MGM Studios and signed him to a 7 year contract.