Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage. PRONUNCIATION. ALTERNATE NAMES. Lapps; Samer. LOCATION.

Norway; Sweden; Finland; Russia. POPULATION. About 5. LANGUAGE. Sami language in many dialects; also language of country in which they.

RELIGION. Lutheran Church. They are the original inhabitants of northern Scandinavia. Finland. Their neighbors have called them Lapps, but they.

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Samer. , since Lapp means a patch of cloth for mending and was a name imposed. The Sami refer to.

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Sapmi. Same. Nearly 9. Norwegian chieftain visiting King Alfred. Great of England spoke of these reindeer. Over the centuries many armed nations—including.

Karelians, Swedes, Danes, Finns, and Russians—demanded their. In some cases, the Sami had to pay taxes to two or. Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Sami parliaments. At the same time, however, the Sami continue.

Until the liberalization instituted by Soviet leader Mikhail. Gorbachev's government in the late 1. Russian Sami had. Sami living in Scandinavia. Nordic Sami Council in 1. Norway, Sweden, and Finland.

Dusan Makavejev's "Sweet Movie" begins with what looks like a garden-variety National Lampoon function (an oil millionaire named Mr. Kapital is holding a global. Sami - Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage Norway to Russia. Elle Marja, 14, is a reindeer-breeding Sámi girl. Exposed to the racism of the 1930's and race biology examinations at her boarding school, she starts dreaming of.

In 1. 97. 3 the Nordic. Ipod All These Sleepless Nights (2017) 2010. Sami Institute at Kautokeino, Norway, was founded to promote the study. Sami language and culture. In 1. 98. 9, a Sami College was. The universities of Troms.

They live on coasts and islands warmed by the Gulf Stream, on. Sami. territory lies at latitudes above 6.

Arctic Circle, with dark, cold winters and warm, light. It is often called the . The far north sees. Balancing this out, however. October to March. Beginning in November, the sun disappears for weeks.

The highest point is. Kebnekajse, at 6,9. An estimated 3. 0,0. Norway, 1. 0,0. 00 in Sweden. Finland, and 1,0. Russia. However, some.

For many years, the Sami. Thus, it is difficult to know how many. Sami there actually are (some estimates are as high as 2. In fact, the present official definition of a Sami.

Altogether there are fifty dialects, but. Today almost all. Sami also speak the language of their native country. Other words indicate. There is. actually a separate word describing a male reindeer in each year of his. A poem by Nordic Council- prizewinning poet Nils- Aslak.

Valkeap. There are also hundreds of words that. Nowadays Sami may be used as the language of. Sami is taught and studied at the university level as well. Many of their myths and.

Others involve the Stallos, a race of. Many tales involve Sami outwitting the Stallos. Another kind. of villian in Sami folklore is the.

In. the beginning of time, Biegolmai created the Sapmi region by taking two. One day, however, one of. Biegolmai's shovels broke, the wind died down, and the Sami were. Sapmi. In the. mid- nineteenth century, a Sami minister, Anders Fjellner, recorded epic.

Daughter of the Sun favored the Sami and. In a related myth, the Son of the Sun had.

Sami. At their deaths they. Orion. The village fights as best it. Tjudes vastly outnumber the Sami and soon kill all but. The Tjudes then force the young boy to lead them. The boy. reluctantly agrees, leading the Tjudes by night through the mountains. The Sami. boy, however, urges them to follow him. He says he knows the mountain.

He suggests that they all tie. The Tjudes agree. Sami boy has become so loyal to them. A priest or shaman. He. would consult with the dead while in a trance induced by beating on a. Sami. Juoigan is the traditional Sami music. Today most Sami. practice the dominant Lutheran religion of the Nordic countries in which.

Every Easter. (late March or early April), a big festival is held at Kautokeino in. Norway, complete with typical Sami entertainments, including. Many couples choose this setting for their weddings.

Many Sami. observe Finland's . On Christmas Eve (December 2. After readings from the Gospels, a. Boxing Day on December 2. Still, the dictates of today's world have forced them to. Western world. The ritual of baptism.

Sami have both used and avoided it offer an interesting. The Sami resisted for years. The Sami reluctantly created a. Scandanavian system of adding.

Afterward, however, when the family left the church. They willingly. accept other Sami who may not be full- blooded. A person's. attitude toward the treasured Sami language and traditions are. The permanent homes were.

The Sami tent, called a. Native Americans, and a floor of birch twigs covered with. Both tents and huts are arranged around a. Today most Sami, who are no longer reindeer herders, live. Scandinavian houses with central heating and running water.

Like their Scandinavian neighbors, they. However, Sami are often active and. They sometimes supplement Western- style. The Sami language contains an unusually large number of words. Traditionally, the males of the. Each family had its own mark (and children had their own marks as. Herding families use these marks to distinguish their reindeer.

It is most easily recognizable by the distinctive. These bands appear as decorations on men's.

Women and girls may drape fringed scarves around their. Warm reindeer- skin coats are worn by both sexes. The Sami. wear moccasins of reindeer skin with turned- up toes, fastened with.

However, they wear no socks. Instead, they stuff their. Even the. reindeer's blood is used, for sausages. Fish caught in the many. Sami's homelands are eaten boiled, grilled, dried. Wild berries are another mainstay of the Sami diet. C–rich cloudberry.

To help them stay warm. Sami drink coffee throughout. Supper is the main (and traditionally, the only hot) meal of.

Today, they generally. There are. several Sami high schools, where most of the subjects are taught in the.

Sami language. The universities of Troms. A Sami musical tradition. The yoik resembles the Native American. There are no. collections of yoiks because they are so individualized and so private. The yoik has been described by researchers as one of the.

Europe. In 1. 99. Nils- Aslak Valkeap.

For many years, there was intense government. Sami to abandon tradition and assimilate to. Scandinavian life.

In recent years, many Sami have rejected this. Sami to. retain their cultural identity. A considerable number of young Sami who. Scandinavia have. Still, it is more. Sami driving a Volvo than to see one herding. Sami. While there is.

Scandinavians are rigidly egalitarian, and. Sami. They enjoy competing to see who can throw.

The players maneuver their pieces around a board with the hunter. They have. also perfected a special kind of ribbon weaving. Their crafts are. Sami save many of their. Much of their artistic talent goes into the. A controversy that received. Alta hydroelectric dam in.

Norway, which flooded reindeer pastures important to the region's. Sami herders. A group of Sami protesters traveled to the capital city of. Oslo, where they set up.

Norwegian parliament and began a hunger strike. Fish. berries, and drinking water in the affected areas were poisoned as well.

Sami people - Wikipedia. Not to be confused with Suomi. For the Samis Foundation, see Sam Israel.

S. The Sami are the only indigenous people in Scandinavia that is recognized and protected under the international conventions of indigenous peoples, and are hence one of the northernmost indigenous people of Europe. Their traditional languages are the Sami languages and are classified as a branch of the Uralic language family. Traditionally, the Sami have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping, and sheep herding. Their best- known means of livelihood is semi- nomadicreindeer herding.

Currently about 1. Sami are connected to reindeer herding, providing them with meat, fur, and transportation. Sami people are actively involved in herding on a full- time basis. Some Sami regard these as pejorative terms. In Russian the corresponding term is . Finn (or variants, such as skridfinn, . The etymology is somewhat uncertain, but the consensus seems to be that it is related to Old Norse finna, from proto- Germanic *finthanan (.

As Old Norse gradually developed into the separate Scandinavian languages, Swedes apparently took to using Finn exclusively to refer to inhabitants of Finland, while Sami came to be called Lapps. In Norway, however, Sami were still called Finns at least until the modern era (reflected in toponyms like Finnmark, Finnsnes, Finnfjord and Finn. Finnish immigrants to Northern Norway in the 1. Ethnic Finns are a distinct group from Sami. The word Lapp can be traced to Old Swedish lapper, Icelandic lappir (plural), probably of Finnish origin; compare Finnish lappalainen .

There is another suggestion that it originally meant . As already mentioned, Finn is a common element in Norwegian (particularly Northern Norwegian) place names, whereas Lapp is exceedingly rare. In the North S. It has been proposed that S. In Norwegian, the S. In northernmost Sweden, the word lapp is in use and not seen as derogatory or taboo. Terminological issues in Finnish are somewhat different.

Finns living in Finnish Lapland generally call themselves lappilainen, whereas the similar word for the S. This can be confusing for foreign visitors because of the similar lives Finns and S. Lappalainen is also a common family name in Finland. As in the Scandinavian languages, lappalainen is often considered archaic or pejorative, and saamelainen is used instead, at least in official contexts.

History. They have inhabited the northern arctic and sub- arctic regions of Fenno- Scandinavia and Russia for at least 5,0. A cultural continuity between these stone- age people and the Sami can be assumed due to evidence such as the similarities in the decoration patterns of archeological bone objects and Sami decoration patterns, and there is no archeological evidence of this population being replaced by another. The Norwegian historian Yngvar Nielsen, commissioned by the Norwegian government in 1. Sami land rights, concluded that the Sami had lived no farther south than Lierne in Nord- Tr. In recent years, several archaeological finds indicate a Sami presence in southern Norway in the Middle Ages, and southern Sweden. The Norwegians, who were concentrated on the outer islands and near the mouths of the fjords, had access to the major European trade routes so that, in addition to marginal farming in the Nordland, Troms, and Finnmark counties, they were able to establish commerce, supplying fish in trade for products from the south.

The Norwegians were closely connected to the greater European trade routes, along which the plague traveled; consequently, they were infected and died at a far higher rate than Sami in the interior. Of all the states in the region, Norway suffered the most from this plague. Because of the huge economic profits that could be had from these fisheries, the local authorities offered incentives to the Sami—faced with their own population pressures—to settle on the newly vacant farms.

They later herded reindeer. Even as late as the early 1. Sami who were still settling on these farms left abandoned from the 1.

In contemporary times, there are also ongoing consultations between the Government of Norway and the Sami Parliament regarding the right of the coastal Sami to fish in the seas on the basis of historical use and international law. The regulation linked quotas to vessels and not to fishers. These newly calculated quotas were distributed free of cost to larger vessels on the basis of the amount of the catch in previous years, resulting in small vessels in Sami districts falling outside the new quota system to a large degree. Around 1. 50. 0, they started to tame these animals into herding groups, becoming the well- known reindeer nomads, often portrayed by outsiders as following the archetypal Sami lifestyle. The Mountain Sami faced the fact that they had to pay taxes to three nation- states, Norway, Sweden and Russia, as they crossed the borders of each of the respective countries following the annual reindeer migrations, which caused much resentment over the years.

Government troops were ordered to prevent the Sami from fleeing. Indeed, throughout the 1. Norwegians of Northern Norway suffered from low fish prices and consequent depopulation, the Sami cultural element was strengthened, since the Sami were mostly independent of supplies from Southern Norway. However, during the 1. Norwegian authorities pressured the Sami to make Norwegian language and culture universal. Strong economic development of the north also ensued, giving Norwegian culture and language higher status. On the Swedish and Finnish sides, the authorities were less militant, although the Sami language was forbidden in schools and strong economic development in the north led to weakened cultural and economic status for the Sami.

From 1. 91. 3 to 1. Swedish race- segregation political movement created a race- based biological institute that collected research material from living people and graves, and sterilized Sami women. Throughout history, Swedish settlers were encouraged to move to the northern regions through incentives such as land and water rights, tax allowances, and military exemptions. Anyone who wanted to buy or lease state lands for agriculture in Finnmark had to prove knowledge of the Norwegian language and had to register with a Norwegian name.

This caused the dislocation of Sami people in the 1. Sami groups (something still present today) that sometimes has the character of an internal Sami ethnic conflict. In 1. 91. 3, the Norwegian parliament passed a bill on . Another factor was the scorched earth policy conducted by the German army, resulting in heavy war destruction in northern Finland and northern Norway in 1. Sami culture. After World War II the pressure was relaxed though the legacy was evident into recent times, such as the 1. Sami people were allowed to build. In August 1. 98. 6, the national anthem (.

In 1. 98. 9, the first Sami parliament in Norway was elected. In 2. 00. 5, the Finnmark Act was passed in the Norwegian parliament giving the Sami parliament and the Finnmark Provincial council a joint responsibility of administering the land areas previously considered state property. These areas (9. 6% of the provincial area), which have always been used primarily by the Sami, now belong officially to the people of the province, whether Sami or Norwegian, and not to the Norwegian state. Contemporary. The Sami are still coping with the cultural consequences of language and culture loss related to generations of Sami children taken to missionary and/or state- run boarding schools and the legacy of laws that were created to deny the Sami rights (e.

The Sami are experiencing cultural and environmental threats. Mining activities in Arctic Sapmi cause controversy when they are in grazing and calving areas. Mining projects are rejected by the Sami Parliament in the Finnmark area.